English Quiz 225

(English Quiz 225)

1. Dr. Maurizio Bendandi pokes fun at advertising slogans. "Pharmaceutical companies love to say, 'Treating cancer, one patient at a time,'" the 43-year-old observes. "But those companies are mass-producing drugs. We're the ones really doing it." The "we" to whom Bendandi refers are the nine scientists on his team at work on customized cancer vaccines. A treatment that uses a patient's own tumor cells to provoke an immunological response, vaccines are one of the most promising developments in the fight against cancer, and a goal hotly pursued by researchers around the world. Bendandi and his colleagues at Spain's Center for Applied Medical Research and the University of Navarre Hospital have gone farther than most. In a five-year-long study — its results were described as "remarkable" by the Journal of the National Cancer Institute which published the report last September — the Pamplona-based group demonstrated that a customized vaccine could extend, perhaps indefinitely, the cancer-free period for patients with follicular lymphoma. In the wake of that success, Bendandi is preparing another study, one with an even more ambitious goal. A cancer vaccine is not like the measles shot you get as a kid. Instead of inoculating a healthy person against a foreign body like a virus, cancer vaccines use parts of tumors to help the patients' immune systems recognize diseased cells. Follicular lymphoma, a generally slow-moving cancer of the immune system that affects roughly 5,000 Spaniards each year, presents an especially enticing target for vaccine researchers because its cells all carry a protein, called an idiotype, that distinguishes them from their healthy counterparts. Mixing the idiotype with other substances that trigger immunological responses, "the vaccine presents a tumor protein to the patients in such a way that their immune systems recognize it and destroy any cells bearing that protein," explains Larry Kwak, associate director of Cancer Immunology Research at Houston's MD Anderson Cancer Center and a leading vaccine researcher.

Q: 試翻 "A treatment that uses ... around the world."

Q: 試翻 "Follicular lymphoma, ... from their healthy counterparts."

2. Follicular lymphoma cannot currently be cured, but with chemotherapy and other treatments, a patient can usually achieve remission. The cancer almost always returns, however, and each subsequent remission tends to be shorter than the previous one. In 2001, Bendandi began vaccine therapy on 25 patients who had achieved a second remission with chemotherapy. The vaccine did not have any effect on five of the subjects, but the other 20 who did respond received a total of 10 vaccinations over 26 months. "Partway through the study, one of my patients — a hairdresser — came to me and said, 'I know the treatment is working,'" Bendandi recounts. "I asked her how she knew, because I had nothing conclusive yet. She said she knew because her first remission lasted 18 months, and her second remission had just reached 19 months." In fact, none of the 20 subjects relapsed while receiving the vaccine, and all had remissions that lasted significantly longer than their previous ones. Indeed, although the average second remission in follicular lymphoma lasts 13 months (in comparison with an average first remission of about two years), only a few of Bendandi's patients have relapsed since the vaccines stopped. All the rest are still in remission — including three who have been cancer free over five years. In addition to showing that the vaccine can prolong remission, Bendandi's trial attempted to solve the long-standing problem of quantifying the results of custom-made treatments. Advanced drug trials require a control group, one whose members share key characteristics with those in the experimental arm, but who receive a placebo or another treatment rather than the one under study. According to Bendandi, randomized testing of custom-made vaccines would be meaningless because each patient in the experimental arm receives a different treatment. So he set about proving efficacy in another way. "The course of the study design was the first innovation," writes Dr. Dan Longo in an editorial appearing in the same journal that published Bendandi's study. "Each patient would be his or her own control. Second remissions longer than first would be an indication of therapeutic effect."

Q: 試翻 "Advanced drug trials require ... rather than the one under study."

3. Not everyone is convinced by that logic. Dr. Robert Schwartz, an editor at the New England Journal of Medicine, says, "Using patients as their own control is a bit shaky, especially for follicular lymphoma." A Phase III randomized trial, more difficult but still possible to conduct even with customized vaccines remains, he says, "the gold standard for proof of efficacy." Dr. Kwak, who is conducting his own Phase III trial of a vaccine for the American pharmaceutical company Biovest, believes his former trainee's results support the case for a therapeutic lymphoma vaccine, but is skeptical about his methods. "Dr. Bendandi's study is important because it confirms previously reported results. But taken in isolation, it's a small study with no control group. It's not definitive." Bendandi's vaccine also faces challenges common to other customized treatments: it's expensive (an estimated $34,000 per patient), it's difficult to make, and not all pharmaceutical companies (which make profits by mass-producing drugs) are able — or willing — to take on the work of producing a different vaccine for every patient. But with three Phase III clinical trials for idiotype vaccines under way in the U.S., and several other types of custom treatments in development (on March 29, an fda advisory committee found "substantial evidence" that a prostate cancer vaccine is effective, increasing the likelihood of its approval), hopes for cancer vaccines are running high.